Globalization essays

Globalization articles Ive never really assumed that globalization to be the sure piece of my life. Most likely, the explanation is that when I was brought into the world this procedure has been as of now growing far and wide, so I just never had another life condition aside from life inside lasting globalization. Then again, if globalization ought to be characterized as the common entrance of societies, customs, conventions, etc, I despite everything cannot see it. Truly, business interchanges between nations are clearly getting more tight because of current innovations, web and openings it gives (video gatherings, for instance). In any case, separate nations dont appear to share its social riches anxiously, and I genuinely question they ever will. There is in any case one nation, which can be known as the lead of globalization (at any rate this term is characterized) that is US. Be that as it may, as I would like to think, despite the fact that US got various extremely exceptional social fortunes (particularly in regards to writing), however these are not primaries for them to impart to the rest world. Not many Japanese youngsters would know who Edgar Allan Poe is, however they will be positively up on the closest McDonalds. That s in light of the fact that being the most extravagant nation US have a capacity to spread American mass culture and American lifestyle, and that is the main real globalization I can directly watch. Be that as it may, various nations can stand this attack to a variable degree. Lets accept China for instance for the most part in light of the fact that Ive been to China so I can remain moderately fair-minded in this field. In spite of the fact that youll discover a ton of McDonalds and western-style enriched shops and stores on your way through China, yet that is not the point. Youll never see merciless Hollywood blockbusters as on in films, no modest wallets on shelves. Simultaneously China is only inverse to be a separated unpleasant nation. For example, China has ... <! Globalization papers Globalization, the way toward coordinating different pieces of the world, has numerous supporters and numerous who contradict it. Gatherings have been created to help other, less fortunate nations and areas to recapture quality and bring them up to the current remaining of the advanced world. The supporters, for example, the O.E.C.D. who created seven objectives to accomplish for the world, are only one of many. They feel that these more unfortunate nations are needing assistance from the more, wealthy areas of the world. The improvement of materials and innovation is critical to the progression of these nations. Raising the training level, taking out sex imbalances, and governmental policy regarding minorities in society are only a portion of the significant focuses that these gatherings feel should be accomplished. They accept that these perspectives can prompt the globalization of the world, and update less fortunate nations to an increasingly current, modernized status. Obviously, there are a portion of the individuals who contradict such developments. Certain elitists would prefer not to see more unfortunate nations progressing nicely. They are the ones who misuse these nations for their modest work and supplies. Known as imperialism, these gatherings need to keep these nations in a subordinate situation so as to make themselves more extravagant for less. Expansionism is a typical issue today; utilizing more unfortunate countries to create their products or get supplies at a modest cost. The individuals who contradict globalization accept that it will destroy their stranglehold on these nations and make an organization among rich and poor, of which they don't need. These two gatherings, who contradict and bolster globalization, conflict over this subject; one needs to control the helpless nations and locales while different needs to help them in the advancement of modernization. One thing is without a doubt; the advancement of improvement will never stop and along these lines must get recognized all through the world. ... <! Globalization papers What is the Globalization? Until the mid-eighties the world was isolated in two squares; one industrialist, with prevalence of the private activity and the market like controller of products and enterprises. The other named the communist, in view of the financial planing, the job of the state as industrialist and controller of the gracefully and requests. The fall of the communist model from the outrageous rivalry, mutually with the finish of the virus war, shows the start of another period of changes and overall re-foundations that have been designated globalization. Mc Luhan referenced to us that The World has become Global Village in which the people have not changed remotely yet they can impart in seconds to the most removed spots of the planet, the item that is devoured can be financed by a nation, structured and customized in other and made by a third, disseminated from a fourth nation and sold in all the urban communities of the Earth. The frameworks stream everywhere throughout the mainlands. The terms Distance and Difference are changing meaningfully in this procedure. Thusly, the outskirts are being changed into cell dividers. Mc Luhan was first in utilizing the word globalization, he was the theoretician of data; in the Sixties he clarified, that the advances in the gadgets and the correspondences would take to the world to make a worldwide town where the realities would be known by all the occupants of the globe. There is a wide debate with the word Globalization. Many support that the term isn't suitable in light of the fact that it would assume an overall evenhanded marvel, in other words, where all the nations advantage the equivalent. By and by, what we are inhabiting the second shows that the imbalance between nations, locales and squares has extended over the most recent twenty years, accordingly this thought would leave aside the political, social, geographic, social and ethnic factors, own ... <! Globalization articles Globalization and its Discontents by Joseph Stiglitz uncovers a wide range of contentions about the manner in which globalization is being dealt with by various government organizations particularly the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. It is Stiglitz contention that globalization is neglecting to help a large number of the nations who should be profiting by globalization and this new rush of private enterprise. Stiglitz contends that the IMF is to be faulted for a large number of globalizations inadequacies. He accepts this is on the grounds that the IMF needs key data that is expected to settle on the choices they need to make, and subsequently there monetary arrangements are defective and neglect to help the nations who need the most assistance. Rather IMF approaches have really been demonstrated to hurt all the more then they help creating countries and advantage the more extravagant economies of the world. Stiglitz features numerous approaches that are enormously defective including Trade progression, high loan fees, privatization, changing capital markets and financial gravity. Every one of these arrangements are framed based on belief system rather than great monetary examination Stiglitz contends. The IMF utilizes a cutout way to deal with tackle the issues of creating countries, which throughout the years has been demonstrated to fizzle. What's more, by pushing high financing costs on these creating nations it makes it that a lot harder for them to do well with the cash obtained. Frequently nations never observe the advantage of cash loaned by the IMF, and wind up changing there approaches to fit IMF guidelines and make the ways for progressively outside items. They at that point end up in extraordinary measures of obligation to credit loan specialists. More terrible then awful approaches stiglitz contends that the IMF regularly shows a darker side, attempting to help the premiums of leasers, and of the rich financial specialists and elites. This is miserable thinking about that globalization should carry would like to the laborers and average workers of the world. Stig ... <! Globalization articles Has Globalization gone excessively far? Many accept that the new worldwide economy produces a race to the base in labor, financial, and social guidelines. Globalization is the procedure by which occasions in removed spots influence individuals' lives and their chances. Exchange and account are among the most remarkable powers transmitting information and culture. This trade of information and culture has an a lot greater impact on how individuals live their lives than universal exchange or account at any point thought. East Asia has picked up the most from globalization, and quite a bit of consequences for Latin America seems positive. Sub-Saharan Africa shows little advantage as of now. The greater part of the total neediness decrease related with globalization is probably going to happen in East, South and South East Asia, where near 70 percent of the world's total destitution is concentrated. The economies on the move of Central and Eastern Europe and of the previous Soviet Union are likewise gone up against with the difficulties and openings related with globalization. The move towards more noteworthy reliance on business sectors on the sum total of what mainlands has been so quick thus solid as to raise concerns. Nations in beginning periods of improvement may have exceptional requirements to help give foundation, present day training and social insurance. Globalization has likewise created huge social issues. The world is presently following through on a substantial cost for overlooking significant parts of globalization. Globalization, regardless, gives off an impression of being an irreversible pattern which influences all nations. The UN has assumed a urgent job in building a global accord on activity for improvement. The Secretary-General Kofi Annan battles that with every one of its issues, globalization can be a constructive power for all the world's kin. Starting in 1960, the General Assembly has helped define needs and objectives through a progression of 10-year International Development Strategies. ... <! Globalization articles These days, the world is in the inclination of strolling in sync with globalization. In this way, it is showing its benefits and bad marks. One of the bad marks of the globalization, illicit movement of destitute individuals to the progressed

Psychological study: “Geenie the Wild Child!” Essay

The advancement of language falls into place without any issues for the vast majority; as they develop from a baby to a kid. Noam Chomsky accepts that dialects are hereditarily pre-modified by a language procurement gadget in the cerebrum. The profound structure of language and words isn't found out. However the surface structures, for example, phonetic sounds are found out. A couple of kids don't ace the fundamental establishment of language like in Genie’s case. Genie (and her mother) was survivors of misuse and disregard delivered upon them by Genie’s father. In November, 1970, Genie’s [a.k.a. â€Å"The Wild Child†] horrendous predicament was recorded and this is my own appraisal of it†¦ I would believe that Genie can one day ace English (or another dialect) as a result of one explicit explanation: Genie’s mind, as moderate and beneath normal for a multi year old as it might have been, showed some movement. Genie had a 20-word jargon. She could effectively distinguish hues, she knew her mother and could make statements like, â€Å"walk, entryway and No more.† However, this was not the situation. After more than 6 years of being watched, jabbed and inquired about by researcher, Genie never mastered the English language. Additionally, Genie had a generally strange and terrible life beginning at the exact instant she was conceived. Before all else she was obliged and not given any consideration. At the point when she was found by the world, she was barraged with consideration from numerous analysts. From the large number of research done on her, the slightest bit of data that maintained Lenneberg’s hypothesis is the powerlessness to create discourse after adolescence in any event, when presented to it. Be that as it may, at long last the specialists became unfeeling and disregarded Genie’s own prosperity for logical research.

Understanding What Zai Na Li Means in English

Understanding What Zai Na Li Means in English The Mandarin question word for where† is Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡, written in the customary structure, or Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å", written in rearranged structure. The pinyin is zi nçž li. This term is especially valuable to know whether you are going in China and need to learn or get some information about new areas to explore.â Characters The expression for where is comprised of three characters: Ã¥Å" ¨ (zi)â which implies situated at, and the two characters Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡/Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å" (nçž li) which set up implies where. Joined, Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡/Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å" (zi nçž li) truly implies, â€Å"Where is it located?† The term Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡/Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å"â (nçž li) is now and then utilized without anyone else as a solitary word question. Elocution With respect to tone marks, Ã¥Å" ¨ (zi) is in the fourth tone and Ã¥ ª (nçž) is in the third tone. è £ ¡/é‡Å" is generally articulated in the third tone (lç ) yet when utilized as an inquiry word for where it takes on an unaccentedâ neutral tone (li). In this way, as far as tones, Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡/Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å" can likewise be alluded to as zai na li. Models Wç' de shÃ¥ « zi nçž li?æˆ'çš„æ› ¸Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡? (conventional form)æˆ'çš„ä ¹ ¦Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å"? (disentangled form)Where is my book? Wç' men zi nçž li jin?æˆ'å€'Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¨ ¦â€¹?æˆ'ä » ¬Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å'è § ?Where would we say we are going to meet? Yã ºnnn shä›ng zi nçž li?é› ²Ã¥ â€"çÅ" Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¤ º'Ã¥ â€"çÅ" Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å'?Where is Yunnan territory? Shnghçži zi nçž li?ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡?ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å'Where is Shanghai? Nç  yo qã ¹ nçžlç  lçšxã ­ng?ä ½ è ¦ Ã¥Å¾ »Ã¥ ªÃ¨ £ ¡Ã¦â€"… è ¡Å"ä ½ è ¦ Ã¥Å¾ »Ã¥ ªÃ©â€¡Å"æâ€"… è ¡Å'Where would you like to travel?

Strategic Management Portfolio Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vital Management Portfolio - Case Study Example The organization's unswerving fixation and predictable procedures on its retail exercises are additionally important and without a doubt one of the principle explanations behind the organization's heavenly presentation records throughout the years. (Micha Gisser and Raymond D. Sauer) In any case, Thorntons needs to monitor its rivals at the top level. There is no notice of the edge of lead among Thorntons and its rivals whose exhibitions are superior to that of Thorntons. The organization needs to assemble its follow up on even joining as well. In the present market situation of mergers and acquisitions, if forceful arrangement of even coordination isn't set up, the organization is at risk for having the mat pulled from under its feet. Furthermore, the danger isn't generally from the top players. The worldwide economy is loaded with eyes standing ready like a bird of prey to scoop down on its prey from unforeseen districts. (Globalization Challenge) The organization likewise needs to abuse its in-house fabricating assets. There is no notice if this flexibly base is permitted to take into account contenders' necessities. Thorntons is sourcing a portion of its items from outside providers. Consequently, it bodes well to permit some portion of its assembling exercises to be utilized to address contenders' issues. (Michael Porter's Five Forces) Thorntons' quality lies in its well known brand name which it has indefatigably worked throughout the years. Its hold over its item fixings, advertise mobility dependent on separation, promoting and fabricating skill, impact over retailers and clients, capacity to make sure about outlets at key areas, and conventional family proprietorship, but proficient administration approaches assume key jobs in Thorntons' market nearness as a commendable substance. The organization has additionally done well in working up solid nearness in Midlands and North England. By the by, Thorntons should forcefully seek after its plan in London and South England where its essence is powerless. There are solid contenders through existing players, for example, Cadbury and Nestle, and potential contenders. The organization has carefully put resources into a solid in-house gracefully base in Midlands and North England. It can start its advertising tasks in London and South England on a more grounded note to support its marketing projections. It can enhance its inventories from its own assembling plants in Midlands and North England, keeping its alternatives to start producing activities in London and South England when openings unfurl. (Song Propper et al) Thornton should likewise start its business exercises from its own retail outlets. Other than filling in as obstruction to ever introduce danger from solid retailers and makers as potential competi

Discuss the staging of Act 1 Scene 4 and Act 5 Scene 3 Essay

Macbeth was written in 1606 for the present King James I. 1606 was in the Jacobean time frame, when individuals had confidence in the Divine Right of Kings. This is the conviction that Kings were picked by God. They likewise accepted that the most noticeably awful conceivable wrongdoing was to execute a King and this would bring about being dammed to damnation. They likewise put stock in the â€Å"Great Chain of Being†, the significance of creatures from most noteworthy to least. At the top was God and underneath him were the various positions held by Angels. Underneath Angels, the King was situated over all other individuals. In light of this the King was given the title â€Å"God’s Deputy On Earth. During the Jacobean time frame there was likewise a solid faith in black magic; this being available in the play significantly charmed the crowd. Act 1 scene 4 and act 5 scene 3 both show instances of Kingship. The Kingship appeared in these two scenes are altogether different. So as to comprehend these distinctions we should concentrate in transit in which the scenes are arranged and the audience’s sentiments created by the content. Duncan is an all around regarded and appreciated King. The individuals of Scotland respect and bow down to him, as they accept he is a decent ruler. Duncan acclaims and rewards the individuals who do well to him. He salutes Macbeth in winning the fight against Norway and elevates him to Thane of Cawdor. Its unexpected how Duncan’s two most believed colleagues deceive him. Macbeth had picked up the title Thane of Cawdor off the past deceiver that betrayed Duncan and battled for Norway. Duncan genuinely has confidence in reliability and trust. This infers Duncan is an amazingly sure man. At the point when he strolls into a room, he realizes individuals are watching him and this doesn't trouble him. Macbeth leads distinctively to Duncan. Subsequent to murdering Duncan, Macbeth starts to expect this could without much of a stretch transpire. Macbeth doesn't applaud the individuals who progress nicely, yet rebuffs the individuals who do terrible or in any event, nothing. In the event that he feels they might be a risk to him he will promptly make a move and dispense with them. Macbeth has no unwavering companions, just terrified workers that do what they are directed, dreading for their lives. The primary scene shows Duncan as King encompassed by his devoted organization, though the subsequent scene shows Macbeth as King without the organization of anybody aside from his workers which are treated with next to no regard. In both of these demonstrations the Kings are shown in a similar room of the palace. In act 1 scene 1, Duncan is educated about the passing of Thane of Cawdor who is seen as a double crosser and condemned to death. The environment introduced is dishonorable yet Duncan realizes that the choice he made was correct. In act 5 scene 3 Macbeth hears that the English armed force is setting out toward the palace. He likewise discovers the temperamental state of his better half. He jokes to the specialist and solicits what the condition from the nation is. The specialist answers sincerely saying that he would need to be as distant from Dunsinane as could be expected under the circumstances. In this scene Macbeth understands that he will never be the King that Duncan was, he can see that the respect he gets is simply from the mouth and not from the heart. To show the various perspectives from every scene I would introduce them like one another, as this would permit the crowd to think about and make an association between the scenes all the more obviously. In act 1 scene 4 I would mastermind the characters so as to show their status. I would put Duncan in middle of everyone's attention and ensure that he is the principle center. So as to upgrade this thought his situation in front of an audience must be raised above others. I would have his faithful accompanists close by. By doing this it would make the feeling that Duncan is a man of high status and regarded and respected as a King. To make an association between the two scenes I would put Macbeth in a similar situation as Duncan in act 5 scene 3. Duncan’s response to the disloyalty and condemned execution to the once steadfast Thane of Cawdor ought to be exceptionally quiet. He could likewise show a slight trouble by crying a tear, this would show the crowd that Duncan is stunned and irritated with the demonstrations of question. Macbeth is confronted with a comparative circumstance in which could jeopardize his situation as King, I would cause him to respond viciously and disturbed. To make an undeniable connection between the tow scenes I would utilize a huge position of royalty as an unmistakable prop. This position of royalty would be stupendous and canvassed in red velvet. In act 1 scene 4 I would have Duncan utilizing this position of royalty in an appropriate way, sitting upright and gladly, where as I would have Macbeth slumping with one leg on an armrest. By utilizing this prop it would show their disparities in Kingship. In act 1 scene 4 Macbeth shows his dependability towards Duncan by shouting out â€Å"O worthiest cousin!† as Macbeth and Banquo approach. As he says this line I would cause him to have his arms fully open connecting towards Macbeth. In line 31 Duncan says â€Å"†¦let me infold thee and hold thee to my heart.† On this line I would make Macbeth bow down and kiss Duncans ring. Rings were worn by Kings as images of their positions. Kissing this ring would show Macbeth’s regard towards Duncan. To some degree 3 of act 5, line 11, a worker educates Macbeth about the English army’s approach towards the château. Macbeth is concerned, he shows extraordinary lack of respect towards the worker by tending to him with â€Å"thou cream-fac’d loon†. While Macbeth says this line I would make him use brutality towards the hireling, hitting or shaking him. This would show a malevolent and inhumane King that is basically utilizing his status to put himself above every other person. Towards the finish of this scene a specialist converses with Macbeth about the state of his significant other. Macbeth looks down to the specialist despite the fact that the specialist find out about his better half than he does. Macbeth regularly consoles himself by alluding back to the witches’ predictions, while he does this I would make them pace to and fro. The witches never guided Macbeth; they basically anticipated the future and left it in the hands of Macbeth. This raises Macbeth probably won't have been King on the off chance that he didn't slaughter Duncan, or he could have become King sometime in the future from the regular passing of Duncan. Dressing both of the Kings in every scene contrastingly can look at their disparities in character. I would dress Duncan in a huge unadulterated white robe to show his unmistakable heart. I would likewise decorate him with gold gems to show his high status. Macbeth would be dressed in an unexpected way; I would have him in progressively normal apparel in the shading dark. This dark would show the insidiousness covered up inside him. This malevolent side is proposed when Lady Macbeth depicts Macbeth as looking like â€Å"the innocent† yet being â€Å"the snake under†. By utilizing diverse lighting I would have the option to show what the Kings are feeling in every scene. In act 1 scene 4 I would utilize an orange light, this would make a sentiment of warmth, as Duncan is benevolent, mindful and in incredible organization. In act 5 scene 3 I would have a blue light, this will give the scene a chilly, unfilled and negative feel. These stage procedures would empower the crowd to look into the two scenes of Kingship. On the off chance that these were not utilized it would make the story harder to comprehend, covered up inside Shakespeare’s content. In both of these scenes the Kings got high measures of regard whether it was really from the heart or erroneously from the mouth. Macbeth apparently was basically a â€Å"unfit† King by the individuals who knew him intently as connected to a â€Å"bad† King. This is on the grounds that in the Jacobean time frame, whomever becomes King, has been chosen by God, God being the highest point of the â€Å"Great Chain of Beings†. In those days God’s assessment meant the world, and could fix people groups conclusion on an awful King. Â

Sample TOEFL Preference Essay Opening of a New Shopping Center

Sample TOEFL Preference Essay Opening of a New Shopping Center Sample TOEFL Preference EssayThe QuestionMany people welcome the opening of shopping areas near their homes. On the other hand, some people are strongly opposed to the construction of such facilities. If the opening of a large shopping center in your neighborhood were announced, would you support oroppose its construction? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayThe construction of a shopping mall in my hometown would have a profound effect on the people who live here. Personally, I believe that these effects would be entirely negative, so I would oppose any such plan. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay.To begin with, a shopping mall would cause many small local businesses to shut down, which would have a negative effect on overall employment. It is true that a shopping mall would employ a lot of people from the community, but the jobs lost at small local retailers forced out of business would be greater in number. For instance, when a shopping mall opened in the small town where my parents live, it forced their favorite local hardware store out of business. Even though the hardware store located in the new mall was three times as large as the family store, it only employed half as many people. Not only that, but the small local store employed well-paid experts, while the shopping mall mainly hires teenagers who earn minimum wage.Secondly, shopping malls often result in urban sprawl, which is something that reduces the quality of life in the surrounding area. While small local shops are usually located at the center of a city, shopping malls are usually found on the outskirts of town. It is possible for customers to w alk to local stores found downtown, but it is necessary to drive to shopping malls. To make matters worse, after a shopping mall becomes successful, other retailers will open up nearby and patronizing them also requires driving. I am of the opinion that the ability to walk to shops and services is a part of a high quality of life. My brother’s experience is a compelling example of this. Last year, a shopping mall opened in his city, and his favorite downtown bookstore closed as it couldn’t compete with the new bookstore in the mall. He has told me many times that driving forty minutes just to buy a book is a real inconvenience, especially since he could just walk to the old bookstore.In conclusion, I would strongly oppose the construction of a shopping mall in my hometown. This is because it would force small family-run businesses to shut down, and because it would cause my life to be less pleasant. (394 words)NoteThis is a sample TOEFL personal preference essay written by a nat ive speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for independent essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

Discrimination on the Basis of Wearing Islamic Attire - Free Essay Example

Prejudice on the Basis of Wearing Islamic Attire Physical appearance including skin colour and clothing preference are the basic information that shapes our first impression. These features also initiate our stereotypes and prejudices either in an implicit or explicit way and provide easy categorization. Headscarf as a form of clothing is a way of identifying the woman as Muslim and it helps people to draw lines as ‘us and others’ on a religious and also cultural basis. Due to the visibility of headscarf, women wearing them are under the risk of stereotyping, labeling and stigmatization. As well as this categorization is seen in Muslim and non-Muslims, it is also possible to see the differentiation among Muslims, especially in places where both covered and uncovered Muslim women are located together. Turkey is one of the best suitable countries among the examples of those places. In general, regardless of the segregation of Muslim-non Muslim or among Muslims, Muslim women who wear headscarf are labelled as backward, oppressed, undereducated or as politically manipulated. When dealing with such a conflict like covered/uncovered, the context must be considered. The reasons to be covered, or what those religious attires mean change within time and place (Bhowon Bundhoo, 2016, p. 41). Shirazi and Mishra’s study (2010) highlights the importance of the context. In the study, researchers investigated the semantic versatility of the veil in different cultures, including Saudi, Iranian and Indian and concluded that the veil has no fixed meaning and its meaning depends upon the social context. In literature, there are plenty of investigations regarding the prejudice and discrimination on the basis of wearing a headscarf both in psychology and other disciplines such as sociology and politics. In these investigations, it is possible to see different highlights regarding the content of prejudice towards covered Muslim women. By combining those different contents of prejudices from several resources and regarding the classification of levels of analysis (Doise, 1980), in this article we attempt to classify the common justifications for these prejudices and to explain them regarding social psychology theories. Justifications for Headscarf Prejudice 1. Intraindividual Level of Analyses Individual characteristics. Women with headscarves are commonly labeled as backward, bigot, unattractive, uneducated and such kind of negative characteristics. A study done in England (Mahmud and Swami, 2010) confirms these labels. Results indicate that, women with headscarves are seen more religious but also less physically attractive, popular, sociable, approachable and competent. However, as both Social Identity and Social Dominance Theory emphasize, context must be considered within the examination of such kind of justifications; these labels vary in different occasions. For example, there is evidence that women who wear the Islamic headscarf would receive higher ratings for personal characteristics within Muslim communities. The study of Pasha-Zaidi (2014, p. 11) revealed that in societies in which such attires are accepted, women wearing religious clothings are perceived as more family-oriented, communal and virtuous. Other characteristics such as being more traditional in soci al and gender relationships like being submissive to men are also seen positively in those societies whereas those behaviors are commonly perceived negatively and criticized by Western societies. Another example is that in Bahrain, wearing hijab is seen as a rite of passage to adulthood and associated with positive characteristics such as goodness and morality while women without hijab are considered as less Muslim (Mahfoodh, 2008; as cited in Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 4). The meaning loaded on hijab based on wearing a religious attire in this context can be explained with the arbitrary-set system in Social Dominance Theory. In addition, there may be other factors affecting those labeling. For instance, according to Zempi (2016, p. 3), some special clothings are not investigated well and mainly ignored by researchers. Such under-representations by society in general tend to strengthen the view that women who wear such attires are passive or disengaged. Emphasis on preference. Another point regarding the individual based features is the emphasis on the reasons to wear such kind of religious attires. Mainly, the reasons to cover can be due to personal religious convictions, family pressure, acceptance as a good Muslim, neutralisation of sexuality and protection from male gaze (Bhowon and Bundhoo, 2016). Therefore, the reason cannot emerge as a personal choice each time. Pointing out this rationale, some of the European feminists support headscarf bans because they believe Muslim women do not voluntarily adopt it. As mentioned above, the idea that women with religious attires are submissive to men is usually negatively perceived in Western societies, and also some specific groups with an ideology such as feminists. Overall, the reason behind covering is highly contested site of gender controversy between traditionalists and feminists (Shin, 2015, p. 31). In literature there are plenty of studies showing that women wearing Islamic attire exposed to discrimination in employment settings (King and Ahmad, 2010; Unkelbach, Schneider, Gode and Senft, 2010). Putting in a nutshell, covered women tend to be perceived more negatively and less likely to get the job compared to uncovered women. Indeed, the employers argue that as long as a woman keeps on her headscarf, she should be already declaring a choice to remain outside the visibility norms of large-scale retailing and to work in shops that cater specifically to the Islamic population. (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 151) Prejudices related to individualistic characteristics for sure cannot be justifiable. According to Zempi (2016) the local environment is also a contributing factor to women’s decision to wear the religious garment such as nijab, hijab or headscarf. As mentioned before, if there is a necessity to figure out the reason why the person chose to cover, we cannot search it onl y within the individualistic features. Also, according to Social Identity Theory, when people are categorized into groups, they come to be seen in terms of characteristic group features that define their social identities, while neglecting individual traits which define their uniqueness (Ellemers Haslam, 2012, p. 381). This kind of categorization explains the individual based prejudices towards women with Islamic attire. 2. Interindividual Level of Analyses Headscarf as an identity mark. Before talking about prejudices that can be grouped under this category, it would be appropriate to propose some related study results. Bhowon and Bundhoo (2016) found that, participants who identified themselves as Muslims placed their Muslim identity before their national one. Results also indicate that they all endorse a positive self attitude. These results are not surprising regarding Social Identity Theory. According to Turner (1984), as people define themselves and others as members of the same category, they self-stereotype in relation to the category and tend to see themselves as more alike in terms of the defining attributes of the category (as cited in; van Lange, Kruglanski Higgins, 2012, PAGE EKLE). However, the strong identification of Muslims with their groups is interpreted as a form of self-segregation, the separation of a religious or ethnic group from the rest of society in a state by the group itself. Indeed, along with as being per sonal choice, wearing religious attire emerges as an expression of belonging to the ‘ummah’ (Zempi, 2016, p. 1). Rokeach (1960) alternatively proposed that prejudice is expressed against a person not because of the persons identification with an ethnic or racial group, but rather because the person holds beliefs, or is perceived to hold beliefs that are dissimilar to the prejudiced persons beliefs (Tan and Vera, 1970, p.18). In this context, wearing headscarf is seen as an identity mark. Women with religious attires are perceived as a public expression of having deep religious commitment, therefore as a mark of difference from those whom do not wear it (Zempi, 2016, p. 5). Moreover, by being marked, women wearing headscarf are also being under an examination about the consistency of their appearance and behaviors: How much do they cover? Are their attitudes in line with their headscarves? Are they properly religious? (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 103). As a result, being under examination continuously induces the necessity of being proper, in other words necessity of perfection. From Terror Management Theory perspective, having a religious commitment provides both literal and symbolic immortality. Islamic attire is a form of symbolic immortality by strengthening the group membership and influencing others. However, noticing others with different worldviews signal the possibility that one may be wrong in his/ her belief or his/her worldview is invalid (Çaml?, 2010, p. 4). In this context, religious attire serves as a mark of differentiation between groups and trigger the basic existential anxiety and leads to negative evaluation of out-group members. This negative evaluation can exhibit itself as prejudice. Gender Oppression. From feminist perspective, there is a gender oppression in Islamic lifestyle against women. Accordingly, there should be a gender equality and women shouldn’t have to be under obligation regarding social life, while men can behave in more self-directed manner. Therefore, Islamic attire serves as a legitimacing factor of inequ ality and women with Islamic attire tend to be seen as oppressed from this perspective. The feminist perspective equated the veil with female oppression, subordination and discrimination (Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 3). The idea of gender oppression is in line with the invariance hypothesis in Social Dominance Theory, suggesting that when everything else is equal there will be a men dominance towards women (Sidanius Pratto, 2012, p. 427). In addition, the feminist ideas also can be explained with hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing myths in Social Dominance Theory. The inequality between genders depends on pre-existing social norms with respect to interpretation of Islam. 3. Positional Level of Analyses Class-based assumptions. The covered-uncovered conflict led to a view on a hierarchical base regarding the position and status of women with headscarves. The main standpoint is that, women with headscarves occupy a subordinate position in society. The feminist ideas suggesting that there is men oppression to women in Islamic lifestyle gave rise to this point of view. However, if we talk about Turkey, mainly the previous legal obstacles for covered women related with attending universities and working in the public institutions provided roots for this attitude. Although currently there is no legal restriction for women with headscarves about where to study and work, it is still possible to talk about presence of a glass ceiling for those women. If we look at large-scale retail settings as chain stores or shopping malls, we can easily observe that women with religious attires are rarely engaged with these kinds of working places, they are rather engaged with small-scale, individually owned stores, especially in stores selling religious attires (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 150). The reasons for this situation can be found in large-scale retail settings’ purpose of representing an outlook related with being presentable and fashionable, young urban, middle-class, heterosexual, slim appearance with no hints of ethnic, religious, gendered, bodily particularities (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 150). In some cases, a ‘negotiation’ comes into point in which the woman is asked to not wear any religious attire in order to get the job, especially high-status ones in private sector. However, this kind of request puts the woman in a hard position because she would raise suspicions about her modesty if she accepted such request. Another point about the class-based assumptions relies on socio-economic statuses. Toprak and Uslu (2009, p. 62) showed that there is a meaningful differentiation among people with different socio-economic statues (SES) to the headscarf issue in Turkey. Accordingly, the positive attitude toward the freedom to wear the headscarf decreases as the SES increases. According to SDT, the combination of high Social Dominance Orientation and high ingroup identification among dominants produces especially strong derogation and against subordinates. Considering that, both employers and people with high socio-economic statuses can be counted in dominant groups, there is a likelihood of them to discriminate and show negative attitude towards subordinate group, women with headscarves. 4. Ideological Level of Analyses Politically manipulated. In order to understand the base of this assumption, first the differentiation between traditional and the modern, urban headscarf referred as turban should be made clear. The traditional headscarf did not always cover the hair completely like the modern turban which had no predecessor in Islamic garment (Kreiser, 2005, p. 456) and assumption is that traditional headscarf is motivated by a conscious Muslim identity whereas turban wearers are seen as a kind of activists or a new social movement (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 120). Therefore, the preference of turban is generally attributed to some political based reasons and those women who wear turban are assigned with a new kind of identity in which it is represented by turban. As Sayan-Cengiz points out (2016, p. 101) some scholars attribute a novelty to young, urban wearers of the headscarf by also emphasizing that their motivations are contoured by the modern Islamist movement. The rates of political parties in Turkey provide another base for this assumption. There is a great distinction between the followers of other parties and Republican People’s Party supporters, who think in considerably high rates that wearing the headscarf in universities and public offices is contrary to secularism (Toprak and Uslu, 2009, p. 59). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the attitude toward the headscarf can be shaped by political party preferences. In addition, it is possible to see more robust form of prejudice based on ideological reasons in the Western side of the World. Because of the Anti-Muslim stereotypes in a post-9/11 and 7/7 era, especially Muslim women who wear face veil are stigmatized, criminalized and marked as ‘dangerous’. Hence, the wearing of the face veil is often understood as a practice synonymous with religious fundamentalism and, as such, one which fosters political extremism (Zempi, 2016, p. 1). Against modernization. Modernization theory focuses on the convergence to the Western culture patterns. Accordingly, at the end of the industrialization period, each culture will resemble to Western societies. Therefore, the predominant Western values referred as modern. The main values that are emphasized by Western societies are freedom and personal autonomy. As mentioned before, Islamic attire, especially veil, is seen as a form of accepting predominance of men therefore regarded as opposed to fre edom, equality and personal autonomy. This kind of thinking leads to prejudice and discrimination on a basis of clothing preference. Women with religious attire are commonly labeled as pre-modern and they are seen as a threat to the ideal figure of Westernized citizen of the Turkish Republic (Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 101). However, it wouldn’t be wrong to say that by discriminating on a cultural base concerning Western values, those people are actually behaving contradictory. Indeed, Saraoglou et al.’s study showed that people who gave importance to freedom tended to show less negative attitude towards veil (Saroglou, Lamkaddem, Pachterbeke, Buxant, 2009, p. 426). From another perspective, some women with Islamic attire see this kind of clothing as a form of resistance to imposition of Western clothings and they reported that they feel more in control of their bodies in this way (Zempi, 2016, p. 9). Some similar results (Dunkel, Davidson and Qurashi, 2010, p. 63) indicate that women with Islamic attire have a preference for larger body shape, which is against the Western beauty values. Against secularism. In general, secularism which emphasizes the life in the real world rather than the hereafter and other religious or spiritual issues is identified with ‘modernization’. Along with secularism and modernization, the visibility of the headscarf increases and it has caused controversy between some groups of society. Especially secularists’ and feminists’ ideas became inconsistent with the ideas of women with headscarf and their supporters. As mentioned before the headscarf is seen as backward, rural, traditional, and as an indicator of women’s submission. In addition, in the eyes of secularists and feminists, the headscarf is the symbol of backwardness rather than women conscious of their rights and freedoms and demands on this issue carry the threat of radical Islam and a theocratic state. Moreover, men fulfill duties in the public place while women are isolated from outside and are mainly responsible for bringing up children and doi ng daily housework. Therefore, headscarf serves as a symbol of this division of labor and the banning women from public life (Genel Karaosmano?lu, 2006; as cited in Toprak Uslu, p. 52). According to this view, women do not cover their heads based upon personal choice, rather they are forced to do so by Islamist men. According to Ç?nar (2008, p. 907), the headscarf has been declared by the Islamist political elite as â€Å"the symbol of struggle of Islam against secularism† (as cited in Sayan-Cengiz, 2016, p. 120). This statement represents the situation in a very clear manner. These notions are embedded within the concern that the headscarf is a threat against the achievements of Turkish modernization project, especially with regard to women’s rights. In Turkey, the secular elite as well as women organizations including feminists do not have any sympathy toward women wearing the headscarf and do not promote their welfare or do not support them in getting an education, participating in public life and benefiting from public goods (Seà §kinelgin, 2006; Marshall, 2005; as cited in Toprak and Uslu, 2009, p. 52) An important point is that, the perceptions towards Muslim women with religious attire may not necessarily be as dichotomous as the debate between secular feminists and Is lamic feminists. El Hamel (2002) found that secular feminists tend to equate the hijab with oppression and subjugation of women, whereas Islamic feminists perceive the hijab as a symbol of freedom from materialism and the imperialism of Western ideals (Pasha-Zaidi, 2014, p. 3). In summary there are two contrary aspects, on the one hand according to feminism perspective headscarf is a symbol of oppression; and on the other hand, it was said that meaning of headscarf is biased and overstated (Bhowon Bundhoo, 2016 p. 34). Conclusion People use different types of justifications to explain their prejudices. However, none of them is able to legitimate such kind of negative attitudes. Prejudice leads to discrimination and causes problems in social life, especially for disadvantaged group members. In this article, we aimed to group the justifications for headscarf prejudice and it is possible to conclude that the justifications on the basis of wearing Islamic attire considerably vary. On the other hand, there is an outstanding emphasis on the macro level factors such as political and cultural agents. Understanding prejudice with respect to theoretical framework can help us to provide some solutions to reduce them. Regarding the theoretical framework, we believe that Social Dominance Theory is able to explain headscarf controversy in more detailed manner whereas Social Identity Theory is more powerful in terms of its ability to explain various aspects of prejudice. Several suggestions can be argued in order to reduce prejudice. First of all, if people get educated about prejudice, this could help them to be aware of their own prejudices and make self-regulation which might turn into automatic manner eventually (Monteith et al., 2016; as cited in Kite Whitley, 2010, p. 535). Also, the self-awareness could help to question the social norms and how much they actually identify themselves with those norms. However, because prejudices are learned in early years of life, simply getting educated about them might not be enough to control them. In this regard, although it is necessary to get educated no matter what, just relying on individual based solutions would not be realistic. Therefore, as Allport (1954) suggest, institutional support should come to view and authorities need to focus on prejudice issue for finding solutions to reduce them (as cited in Kite Whitley, 2010, p. 537). Also, regarding the prejudice towards women with Islamic attire, em phasizing a shared Muslim identity by disregarding the interpretation differences can reduce prejudice between Muslim groups. References Bhowon, U., Bundhoo, H. (2016). Perceptions and Reasons for Veiling: A Qualitative Study. Psychology and Developing Societies, 28(1), 29–49. doi:10.1177/0971333615622894 Çaml?, ?. (2010). Attitudes Towards Allowance Of Headscarf In The Universities: A Terror Management Theory Perspective. 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