Distinctive Periods in History Essay

1. Discuss the ca put ons of the Protestant renewal. Which do you quality are near distinguished? wherefore?The Protestant Reformation was caused by a number of cumulative factors ranging from socio-political developments during the 1600s to several strident weaknesses in the Catholic church service.The socio-political factors range from the on-going European decentralization during that check with the near of independent nation states and the blastdown of a formerly medieval set-up under the drawing cards of the Pope.  Meanwhile, the causes for the breakdown of the medieval nine were owed to the foul Death caused by the bubonic shame and the Hundred days War among France and England.An opposite socio-political factor was the rise of the reincarnation block wherein there was a re-create fire in hu human beingism and a rebirth and re baring of the ancient frauds and culture.Oh the some other side of the spectrum, visible weaknesses in the Catholic perform ca used a lot of discontentment and rebels even among the most faithful in spite of appearance the papist Catholic organization the monks and the nuns.  The weaknesses keister be further categorized as administrative divisions within the Catholic Church hierarchy, the proliferation of questioncapable rituals and pulls, and rampant corruption and crime of power in Church. The most dazzling abuse came in the form of the exchange of indulgences, certificates of remission from Purgatory and Simony or change of higher Catholic offices to the highest bidder.However, the most important factor of the collapse of the control of the Roman Catholic Church over its followers is primarily because of the exclusion of the ordinary and unfaltering people of direct communication with their God.  in front practices, literature and celebration of the Sunday skunk were all(a) done in Latin.  unaccompanied the most educated and privileged sectors of society had access to the lang uage.  Hence, the majority of the people matte up alienated to it own religion.  Soon, several sects and break off organizations from the original Catholic practice of Christianity began to form their own groups and organizations.Some commendation the start of this bowel movement of Protestant Reformation to the posting of martin Luther Kings 95 Thesis on the Power of flakiness on October 13, 1517. It was a straight declare of the corruption of the Catholic Church and the softness of the Pope attractorship to bring the Church to the people by making translations of the Latin version of the literatures of the Church same(p) the word of honor to plain everyday language like English.  From thereon, some of the more important Protestant groups to break away were the Lutherans, the Reformed/Calvinists/Presbyterians, the Anabaptists, and the Anglicans. The movement in like manner led to a Catholic or Counter-Reformation within the Roman Catholic Church.2. What advice does Machiavelli give a prince?The advice given by Machiavelli to the Prince is The Prince ought to have no other get hold of or thought, nor select anything else for his field of operations, than war and its rules and curb (Machiavelli).In giving this advice, Machiavelli has put the ripe weight of a country leaders responsibility to that of mastering the art of war and defense of its own country.  He iterated again and again that it is the single most important task of a straight leader.  Furthermore, he iterated that if a leader cannot carry off up arms and master the blind of war, he could descend into the rank of a private (Machiavelli). However, a private who has get the hang the craft of arms and war could ascend to the rank of a leader (Machiavelli).  Hence, for purposes of maintaining his ascendance or right to lead, a leader (or prince as referred to passim the text), should be able to protect his domain above all else (Machiavelli).Another advice tha t Machiavelli gives the leader (or prince) is that of ensuring he is instills vexation in his subjects or domain so that nobody would dare overcompensate him.  He further explains that such a choice of world feared instead of existence roll in the hay will ensure his throne because of the spirit of men.  Men apparently find no scruples over betraying people they love entirely would find it harder to go against someone they feared (Machiavelli).  Hence, if there is a choice to be make between being feared or being loved, the leader (or prince) should have no qualms that he should make sure he is feared.  A precaution added here though is that the leader (or prince), while assuring he is feared by his subjects also should ensure he is also not hated by them (Machiavelli).  Apparently, this he can do by making sure he value their property and their women (Machiavelli).The last advice given was in tune with the practice of the times during the 1600 when nob ilities and kings would frequently abuse their positions and expectonly take what they want from their subjects including the so called right of premiere darkness with total disrespect for the husband and also the women during that time.3. Discuss the eld of Exploration. What were the motivations for the age?The Age of Discovery or Exploration came around when the rise of capitalism was surging throughout Europe and established nations like England and Spain started sounding outward of their own domain to spell new territories and sources for gold, silver and spices. From the early 1600s to the 1800s, or for more than 200 years, it was not precisely the age of discovery for new lands but also a surge in technological innovations of equipment and machines.  The period saw a lot of improvement in the study of cartography and a more veridical global map of nations and territories. Aside from  cartography, improvements in navigation, firepower, and shipbuilding were al so flourishing.Why is it meaningful?This period was significant for establishing the modern day map and the confirmation that the fundamental theories that the earthly concern is round and that global meridians do exist.  This period would also plot the socio-political divisions of global powers and their various(prenominal) and strategic holds on territories and influences.Please signalize two explorers and describe what they ultimately accomplished.During this period of geographic expedition and discovery, there were several individuals who were made their mark in history because of their component part to the charting of new found continents and territories.  Among these prominent individuals were master jam Cook and Ferdinand Magellan.  Captain jam Cook was from England and Ferdinand Magellan was from Portugal, but served Spain after being refused by the administration of Portugal to be entrusted with an exploration fleet (Swenson). pile CookJames Cooks begi nning was humble, being born to a out-of-the-way(prenominal)m doodly-squat father.  But at sixteen old, his interest in sea voyage was triggered by being an apprentice in a shop located in a seaport with a window ascendent the vast sea.  After more than a year, he began apprenticeship in a merchants vessel.  Soon, James Cook went on to study algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation, and astronomy.  Ultimately, these skills proved very steadying in helping him pass his apprenticeship, and subsequent on command his own ship.  To urge on the process, he joined the British majestic Navy. He participated in the Seven Years War.  He was an active participant in the siege of Quebec.  Here, he was able to use the various skills he learned during his number one apprenticeship when he was sixteen yearrs old.  He displayed a talent for cartography and surveying.His main constituent to this age of exploration was his mapping of the perfection Lawrenc e River that helped General Wolf in his noted attack on the Plain of Abraham.  Capt. James Cook was also responsible for accurately mapping the coast of Newfoundland (part of Canada). He produced the world-class large scale accurate maps of Newfoundland, scorn rough conditions  This started his huge career and electric shock on the British direction of discovery and exploration of new territories.  His most far-famed quote,  To go further than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is practicable for a man to go (Collingridge), revealed his master(a) goal in life.Ferdinand MagellanThe second other prominent individual during this age is Ferdinand Magellan. Ferdinan Magellan first approached the administration of  the Portugese royalty, but was refused.  Hence he tried the neighboring nation of Spain, and he was granted an audience and given a chance to prove himself, and his objective of circumnavigating the creation via a westward route to the change Islands of Indonesia (Swenson).The fleet of ships started with 270 crew members.  However, only 18 of the original crew was able to circumnavigate the globe and reported the success of Magellans team (Swenson).Ferdinand Magellan established the colonial run of Spain in the Philippine Islands and was the first person to successfully cross all the meridians of the globe.  He also lead the crew  to span westward from Europe to Asia, and successfully cross the Pacific ocean. Before his discovery of the Philippine Islands, this part of the world was totally unheard-of (Swenson).